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Re: ROBLOX RP

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marcus881 is not online. marcus881
Joined: 18 Apr 2014
Total Posts: 850
12 Jul 2015 06:46 PM
For this roleplay we need:

2 guests
2 noobs(Bad NBC)
2 good NBC(non-noobs)
2 good BC(Nice to NBC)
2 bad BC(Mean to NBC)
2 trolls
2 spammers
2 rich players
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SirBookington is not online. SirBookington
Joined: 30 Dec 2014
Total Posts: 2409
12 Jul 2015 07:07 PM
I'll be a spammemememrmer
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BrandonS677 is not online. BrandonS677
Joined: 03 Dec 2010
Total Posts: 20441
12 Jul 2015 07:27 PM
I guess ill be A famous player?
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redcutiehorsegirl is not online. redcutiehorsegirl
Joined: 04 Sep 2011
Total Posts: 2418
12 Jul 2015 07:36 PM
Guess i'll be a bad BC


"Da-Da-Da, Da-Di-Da Daaaa!" - Red
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jailbreak952 is not online. jailbreak952
Joined: 23 Aug 2009
Total Posts: 10885
12 Jul 2015 07:36 PM
ill be the dungeon troll
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Englandish is not online. Englandish
Joined: 10 Oct 2009
Total Posts: 8879
12 Jul 2015 07:38 PM
i be troll 2


~~ this is your captain speaking - you are all about to die ~~
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marcus881 is not online. marcus881
Joined: 18 Apr 2014
Total Posts: 850
12 Jul 2015 07:48 PM
ok, troll spots taken, and 1 spammer, famous player, and bad BC taken

and ill be a good NBC cuz that's what I am
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kingdestroyah is not online. kingdestroyah
Joined: 30 Apr 2011
Total Posts: 11582
12 Jul 2015 07:50 PM
I'll be spammer 2
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kingdestroyah is not online. kingdestroyah
Joined: 30 Apr 2011
Total Posts: 11582
12 Jul 2015 07:51 PM
Cornish nationalism is a cultural, political and social movement that seeks the recognition of Cornwall – the south-westernmost part of the island of Great Britain – as a nation distinct from England. It is usually based on three general arguments:

that Cornwall has a Celtic cultural identity separate from that of England, and that the Cornish people have a national, civic or ethnic identity separate from that of English people;
that Cornwall should be granted a degree of devolution or autonomy, usually in the form of a Cornish national assembly;[1]
and that Cornwall is legally a territorial and constitutional Duchy with the right to veto Westminster legislation, not merely a county of England, and has never been formally incorporated into England via an Act of Union.[2][unreliable source?]
Distinct cultural, national or ethnic identity[edit]
See also: Cornish people and Culture of Cornwall
A street lined with shops is filled with hundreds of people. In the foreground are children wearing black vests each one defaced with a large white cross. The children surround a fiddler. In the background are spectators.
St Piran's Day is an annual patronal Cornish festival celebrating Cornish culture and history every 5 March

The percentage of respondents who gave "Cornish" as an answer to the National Identity question in the 2011 census.
Many supporters[who?] will, in addition to making legal or constitutional arguments, stress that the Cornish are a distinct ethnic group or nation, that people in Cornwall typically refer to 'England' as beginning east of the River Tamar, and that there is a Cornish language. If correct they argue the Cornish therefore have a right to national self determination.[citation needed]

Campaigners in 2001 for the first time prevailed upon the UK census to count Cornish ethnicity as a write-in option on the national census, although there was no separate Cornish tick box.[4] In 2004 school children in Cornwall could also record their ethnicity as Cornish on the schools census. Additionally, the Council of Europe has been applying increasing pressure on the UK government to recognise the Cornish for protection under the Council's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.[citation needed]

In the world of Cornish sport also can be found expressions of Cornish national identity. In 2004 a campaign was started to field a Cornish national team in the 2006 Commonwealth Games. However, this campaign lapsed, was revived, but has now been abandoned.[5]

The notion that the Cornish are a separate ethnicity is sometimes[2][6] tied up with the notion that the Cornish are of Celtic blood, unlike most people in the rest of England. British geneticist Bryan Sykes has criticised this notion; he claims that the Celtic identity only arose in the early 18th century, and believes that this was invented as linguistic terminology rather than an ethnic group. Edward Lhuyd noticed the similarities between Breton, Cornish, Irish, Scots Gaelic and Welsh, so he grouped them together as "Celtic". However, Sykes questions whether there ever was a Celtic people at all.[7]

In 2011, an e-petition directed at Westminster was launched.

"This petition calls for signatures to raise the issue of the "Cornish Identity" in Parliament and aims to have Cornwall recognised as a National Minority.."[8] This petition has now closed, it received 851 signatures, (99,149 less than the 100,000 needed for the matter to be considered for debate in the House of Commons.)
In September 2011, George Eustice, Member of Parliament for Camborne and Redruth, argued that Cornwall's heritage should be administered by a Cornish organisation rather than English Heritage.[9]

On 24 April 2014 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Danny Alexander, announced that the Cornish people will be granted minority status under European rules for the protection of national minorities.[10]
History of modern Cornish nationalism[edit]

Cornwall has had its own gorsedd, Gorseth Kernow, since 1928
The history of modern Cornish nationalism goes back to the end of the 19th century. The failure of Irish home rule caused Gladstone's Liberal party to revise and make more relevant its devolution policy by advocating the idea of 'home rule all round' applying to Scotland and Wales but opening the door for Cornish Liberals to use cultural themes for political purposes.[16]

Henry Jenner was an important figure in early 20th-century Cornish national awareness. He made the case for Cornwall's membership in the Celtic Congress, pioneered the movement to revive the Cornish language, and founded the Cornish Gorseth.[17]

Traditionally, much support to Cornish self-government has come from supporters of Welsh self-government, who have often seen the Cornish as their Brythonic Celtic kindred.[citation needed] For example, Mebyon Kernow has a twinning arrangement with the Blaenau Gwent branch of Plaid Cymru.[citation needed]

Some intellectual support for Cornish self-government has come from the Institute of Cornish Studies, affiliated to the University of Exeter.

In 2000, the Cornish Constitutional Convention launched a campaign for a Cornish Assembly. This was a cross-party movement representing many political voices and positions in Cornwall, from Mebyon Kernow and Cornish Solidarity to the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives. It collected over 50,000 petition signatures.[18]

Cornwall County Council commissioned an opinion poll by MORI on this subject. The poll was conducted in February 2003 and showed 55% of the Cornish public in favour of a referendum on the subject of an assembly. However the same MORI poll indicated an equal number of Cornish respondents were in favour of a South West Regional Assembly, (70% in favour of a Cornish assembly, 72% in favour of a South West Regional assembly)[citation needed]

On 14 July 2009, Dan Rogerson MP, of the Liberal Democrats, presented a Cornish 'breakaway' bill to the Parliament in Westminster – 'The Government of Cornwall Bill'. The bill proposes a devolved Assembly for Cornwall, similar to the Welsh and Scottish set up. The bill states that Cornwall should re-assert its rightful place within the United Kingdom. Rogerson argued that, "Cornwall should re-assert its rightful place within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is a unique part of the country, and this should be reflected in the way that it is governed. We should have the right to determine areas of policy that affect the people of Cornwall the hardest, such as rules on housing ... Cornwall has the right to a level of self-Government. If the Government is going to recognise the right of Scotland and Wales to greater self-determination because of their unique cultural and political positions, then they should recognise ours."[19][20][21][22]

The Cornish independence movement received unexpected publicity in 2004, when Channel 4's Alternative Christmas message, featuring the Simpsons, showed Lisa Simpson chanting Rydhsys rag Kernow lemmyn ! ("Freedom for Cornwall now!") and holding a placard saying "UK OUT OF CORNWALL".[23][24]
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North1233 is not online. North1233
Joined: 06 Feb 2014
Total Posts: 9978
12 Jul 2015 07:53 PM
i'll be a noob

and if anyone wants to give up one of the following spots, i reserve them.

guest

good NBC

bad BC

good BC

troll

rich

spammer



*cue electric guitar*
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marcus881 is not online. marcus881
Joined: 18 Apr 2014
Total Posts: 850
12 Jul 2015 07:54 PM
the RP hasn't started yet, there are 11 I think spots left
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BrandonS677 is not online. BrandonS677
Joined: 03 Dec 2010
Total Posts: 20441
12 Jul 2015 08:04 PM
Im going to be like most famous people. Slient but nice to most people...(At least Cutemooshi, PosionFangs, and Lando did that)
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marcus881 is not online. marcus881
Joined: 18 Apr 2014
Total Posts: 850
12 Jul 2015 08:06 PM
I got you entered as a rich guy
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BrandonS677 is not online. BrandonS677
Joined: 03 Dec 2010
Total Posts: 20441
12 Jul 2015 08:10 PM
Rich people and famous people are almost in the same category....Almost
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marcus881 is not online. marcus881
Joined: 18 Apr 2014
Total Posts: 850
12 Jul 2015 08:12 PM
in this RP theyre the same
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BrandonS677 is not online. BrandonS677
Joined: 03 Dec 2010
Total Posts: 20441
12 Jul 2015 08:17 PM
k...
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marcus881 is not online. marcus881
Joined: 18 Apr 2014
Total Posts: 850
12 Jul 2015 08:19 PM
Remaining spots:
2 guests
1 noob
1 good NBC
2 good BC
1 bad BC
1 Rich/famous guy
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BrandonS677 is not online. BrandonS677
Joined: 03 Dec 2010
Total Posts: 20441
12 Jul 2015 08:29 PM
No one wants to be a guest....Because they SUCK!
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BrandonS677 is not online. BrandonS677
Joined: 03 Dec 2010
Total Posts: 20441
12 Jul 2015 08:35 PM
I am not letting this die! The RP seems promising...
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kingdestroyah is not online. kingdestroyah
Joined: 30 Apr 2011
Total Posts: 11582
12 Jul 2015 08:43 PM
Possible origins[edit]
Reuben Kulakofsky: Omaha, Nebraska[edit]
One account holds that Reuben Kulakofsky (sometimes spelled Reubin, or the last name shortened to Kay), a Lithuanian-born grocer residing in Omaha, Nebraska, was the inventor perhaps as part of a group effort by members of Kulakofsky's weekly poker game held in the Blackstone Hotel from around 1920 through 1935. The participants, who nicknamed themselves "the committee", included the hotel's owner, Charles Schimmel. The sandwich first gained local fame when Schimmel put it on the Blackstone's lunch menu, and its fame spread when a former employee of the hotel won a national contest with the recipe.[2] In Omaha, March 14 was proclaimed as Reuben Sandwich Day.[3]

Reuben's Delicatessen: New York City[edit]
Another account holds that the Reuben's creator was Arnold Reuben, the German owner of the famed yet defunct Reuben's Delicatessen in New York City who according to an interview with Craig Claiborne invented the "Reuben special" around 1914.[4][5] The earliest references in print to the sandwich are New York–based but that is not conclusive evidence, though the fact that the earliest, from a 1926 edition of Theatre Magazine, references a "Reuben special", does seem to take its cue from Arnold Reuben's menu.
A variation of the above account is related by Bernard Sobel in his book, Broadway Heartbeat: Memoirs of a Press Agent, which claims that the sandwich was an extemporaneous creation for Marjorie Rambeau inaugurated when the famed Broadway actress visited the Reuben's Delicatessen one night when the cupboards were particularly bare.[6]
Some sources name the actress in the above account as Annette Seelos, not Marjorie Rambeau, while noting that the original "Reuben special" sandwich did not contain corned beef or sauerkraut and was not grilled; still other versions give credit to Alfred Scheuing, Reuben's chef, and say he created the sandwich for Reuben's son, Arnold Jr., in the 1930s.[2]
Variations[edit]

Corned beef Rachel sandwich
Rachel sandwich[edit]
The Rachel sandwich is a variation on the standard Reuben sandwich, substituting pastrami for the corned beef, and coleslaw for the sauerkraut.[7] Other recipes for the Rachel call for turkey instead of corned beef or pastrami.[8][9] In some parts of the United States, especially Michigan, this turkey variant is known as a "Georgia Reuben" or "California Reuben", which sometimes uses barbecue sauce or French Dressing instead of Russian or Thousand Island.

Grouper Reuben[edit]
The grouper Reuben is a variation on the standard Reuben sandwich, substituting grouper for the corned beef, and sometimes will substitute coleslaw for the sauerkraut as well. This variation is often a menu item in restaurants in Florida.[10]

West Coast Reuben[edit]
The West Coast Reuben is a variation on the standard Reuben sandwich, substituting Dijon mustard as the dressing.[8]

Montreal Reuben[edit]
The Montreal Reuben substitutes Montreal smoked meat for corned beef.[11]

Reuben egg rolls[edit]
Reuben egg rolls, sometimes called "Irish egg rolls" or "Reuben balls", use the standard Reuben sandwich filling of corned beef, sauerkraut, and cheese inside a deep-fried egg roll wrapper. Typically served with thousand island dressing as an appetizer or snack, they originated at Mader's, a German restaurant in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where chef Dennis Wegner created them for a summer festival in about 1990.[12]

Walleye Reuben[edit]
The Walleye Reuben is a Minnesotan version of the classic that features its state fish, the walleye, Sander vitreus.[13]
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Personll is not online. Personll
Joined: 04 Mar 2015
Total Posts: 19
12 Jul 2015 08:48 PM
Cornish nationalism is a cultural, political and social movement that seeks the recognition of Cornwall – the south-westernmost part of the island of Great Britain – as a nation distinct from England. It is usually based on three general arguments:

that Cornwall has a Celtic cultural identity separate from that of England, and that the Cornish people have a national, civic or ethnic identity separate from that of English people;
that Cornwall should be granted a degree of devolution or autonomy, usually in the form of a Cornish national assembly;[1]
and that Cornwall is legally a territorial and constitutional Duchy with the right to veto Westminster legislation, not merely a county of England, and has never been formally incorporated into England via an Act of Union.[2][unreliable source?]
Distinct cultural, national or ethnic identity[edit]
See also: Cornish people and Culture of Cornwall
A street lined with shops is filled with hundreds of people. In the foreground are children wearing black vests each one defaced with a large white cross. The children surround a fiddler. In the background are spectators.
St Piran's Day is an annual patronal Cornish festival celebrating Cornish culture and history every 5 March

The percentage of respondents who gave "Cornish" as an answer to the National Identity question in the 2011 census.
Many supporters[who?] will, in addition to making legal or constitutional arguments, stress that the Cornish are a distinct ethnic group or nation, that people in Cornwall typically refer to 'England' as beginning east of the River Tamar, and that there is a Cornish language. If correct they argue the Cornish therefore have a right to national self determination.[citation needed]

Campaigners in 2001 for the first time prevailed upon the UK census to count Cornish ethnicity as a write-in option on the national census, although there was no separate Cornish tick box.[4] In 2004 school children in Cornwall could also record their ethnicity as Cornish on the schools census. Additionally, the Council of Europe has been applying increasing pressure on the UK government to recognise the Cornish for protection under the Council's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.[citation needed]

In the world of Cornish sport also can be found expressions of Cornish national identity. In 2004 a campaign was started to field a Cornish national team in the 2006 Commonwealth Games. However, this campaign lapsed, was revived, but has now been abandoned.[5]

The notion that the Cornish are a separate ethnicity is sometimes[2][6] tied up with the notion that the Cornish are of Celtic blood, unlike most people in the rest of England. British geneticist Bryan Sykes has criticised this notion; he claims that the Celtic identity only arose in the early 18th century, and believes that this was invented as linguistic terminology rather than an ethnic group. Edward Lhuyd noticed the similarities between Breton, Cornish, Irish, Scots Gaelic and Welsh, so he grouped them together as "Celtic". However, Sykes questions whether there ever was a Celtic people at all.[7]

In 2011, an e-petition directed at Westminster was launched.

"This petition calls for signatures to raise the issue of the "Cornish Identity" in Parliament and aims to have Cornwall recognised as a National Minority.."[8] This petition has now closed, it received 851 signatures, (99,149 less than the 100,000 needed for the matter to be considered for debate in the House of Commons.)
In September 2011, George Eustice, Member of Parliament for Camborne and Redruth, argued that Cornwall's heritage should be administered by a Cornish organisation rather than English Heritage.[9]

On 24 April 2014 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Danny Alexander, announced that the Cornish people will be granted minority status under European rules for the protection of national minorities.[10]
History of modern Cornish nationalism[edit]

Cornwall has had its own gorsedd, Gorseth Kernow, since 1928
The history of modern Cornish nationalism goes back to the end of the 19th century. The failure of Irish home rule caused Gladstone's Liberal party to revise and make more relevant its devolution policy by advocating the idea of 'home rule all round' applying to Scotland and Wales but opening the door for Cornish Liberals to use cultural themes for political purposes.[16]

Henry Jenner was an important figure in early 20th-century Cornish national awareness. He made the case for Cornwall's membership in the Celtic Congress, pioneered the movement to revive the Cornish language, and founded the Cornish Gorseth.[17]

Traditionally, much support to Cornish self-government has come from supporters of Welsh self-government, who have often seen the Cornish as their Brythonic Celtic kindred.[citation needed] For example, Mebyon Kernow has a twinning arrangement with the Blaenau Gwent branch of Plaid Cymru.[citation needed]

Some intellectual support for Cornish self-government has come from the Institute of Cornish Studies, affiliated to the University of Exeter.

In 2000, the Cornish Constitutional Convention launched a campaign for a Cornish Assembly. This was a cross-party movement representing many political voices and positions in Cornwall, from Mebyon Kernow and Cornish Solidarity to the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives. It collected over 50,000 petition signatures.[18]

Cornwall County Council commissioned an opinion poll by MORI on this subject. The poll was conducted in February 2003 and showed 55% of the Cornish public in favour of a referendum on the subject of an assembly. However the same MORI poll indicated an equal number of Cornish respondents were in favour of a South West Regional Assembly, (70% in favour of a Cornish assembly, 72% in favour of a South West Regional assembly)[citation needed]

On 14 July 2009, Dan Rogerson MP, of the Liberal Democrats, presented a Cornish 'breakaway' bill to the Parliament in Westminster – 'The Government of Cornwall Bill'. The bill proposes a devolved Assembly for Cornwall, similar to the Welsh and Scottish set up. The bill states that Cornwall should re-assert its rightful place within the United Kingdom. Rogerson argued that, "Cornwall should re-assert its rightful place within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is a unique part of the country, and this should be reflected in the way that it is governed. We should have the right to determine areas of policy that affect the people of Cornwall the hardest, such as rules on housing ... Cornwall has the right to a level of self-Government. If the Government is going to recognise the right of Scotland and Wales to greater self-determination because of their unique cultural and political positions, then they should recognise ours."[19][20][21][22]

The Cornish independence movement received unexpected publicity in 2004, when Channel 4's Alternative Christmas message, featuring the Simpsons, showed Lisa Simpson chanting Rydhsys rag Kernow lemmyn ! ("Freedom for Cornwall now!") and holding a placard saying "UK OUT OF CORNWALL".[23][24]
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kingdestroyah is not online. kingdestroyah
Joined: 30 Apr 2011
Total Posts: 11582
12 Jul 2015 08:54 PM
Toponymy[edit]

"Cornweallas" shown on an early 19th-century map of "Saxon England" (and Wales) based on the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The name Cornwall derives from the combination of two separate terms from different languages. The Corn- part comes from the hypothesised original tribal name of the Celtic people who had lived here since the Iron Age, the Cornovii. The second element -wall derives from the Old English w(e)alh, meaning a "foreigner" or "Welshman". The name first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum. In the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c. 1198 as Cornwal.[8][9]

A latinisation of the name as Cornubia first appears in a mid-9th-century deed purporting to be a copy of one dating from c. 705. Another variation, with Wales reinterpreted as Gallia, thus: Cornugallia, is first attested in 1086. Finally, the Cornish language form of the name, Kernow, which first appears around 1400, derives directly from the original Cornowii.[8] which is postulated from a single mention in the Ravenna Cosmography of around 700 (but based on earlier sources) of Purocoronavis. This is considered to be a corruption of Durocornovium, 'a fort or walled settlement of the Cornovii'.[10] Its location is unidentified, but Tintagel or Carn Brea have been suggested.[11]

In pre-Roman times, Cornwall was part of the kingdom of Dumnonia, and was later known to the Anglo-Saxons as "West Wales", to distinguish it from "North Wales" (modern-day Wales).[12]

Cornwall is one of only a few places in Britain – London, Edinburgh, and Dover being other examples – to have a corresponding name in the French language: Cornouailles ([kɔʁ.nu.ɑj]).[13]

History[edit]
Main articles: History of Cornwall and Timeline of Cornish history

Mên-an-Tol.
Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods[edit]
See also: Dumnonia
The present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples. According to John T. Koch and others, Cornwall in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age, in modern-day Ireland, England, France, Spain and Portugal.[14][15] During the British Iron Age Cornwall, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by a Celtic people known as the Britons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time eventually developed into several distinct tongues, including Cornish.[16]

The first account of Cornwall comes from the Sicilian Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (c. 90 BCE – c. 30 BCE), supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the 4th-century BCE geographer Pytheas, who had sailed to Britain:

The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion (or Land's End) from their intercourse with foreign merchants, are civilised in their manner of life. They prepare the tin, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced ... Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to Gaul, and after travelling overland for about thirty days, they finally bring their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhône.
— Halliday (1959), p. 51.

Celtic tribes of Southern Britain
The identity of these merchants is unknown. It has been theorised that they were Phoenicians, but there is no evidence for this.[17] (For further discussion of tin mining see the section on the economy below.)

There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter in Devon and few Roman remains have been found. However after 410, Cornwall appears to have reverted to rule by Romano-Celtic chieftains of the Cornovii tribe as part of Dumnonia including one Marcus Cunomorus with at least one significant power base at Tintagel. 'King' Mark of Cornwall is a semi-historical figure known from Welsh literature, the Matter of Britain, and in particular, the later Norman-Breton medieval romance of Tristan and Yseult where he is regarded as a close kinsman of King Arthur; himself usually considered to be born of the Cornish people in folklore traditions derived from Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Archaeology supports ecclesiastical, literary and legendary evidence for some relative economic stability and close cultural ties between the sub-Roman Westcountry, South Wales, Brittany and Ireland through the fifth and sixth centuries.[18]

Conflict with Wessex[edit]
The Battle of Deorham in 577 saw the separation of Dumnonia (and therefore Cornwall) from Wales, following which the Dumnonii often came into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex. The Annales Cambriae report that in 722 AD the Britons of Cornwall won a battle at "Hehil".[19] It seems likely that the enemy the Cornish fought was a West Saxon force, as evidenced by the naming of King Ine of Wessex and his kinsman Nonna in reference to an earlier Battle of Lining in 710.[20]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle stated in 815 (adjusted date) "and in this year king Ecgbryht raided in Cornwall from east to west." and thenceforth apparently held it as a ducatus or dukedom annexed to his regnum or kingdom of Wessex, but not wholly incorporated with it.[21] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that in 825 (adjusted date) a battle took place between the Wealas (Cornish) and the Defnas (men of Devon) at Gafulforda. In the same year Ecgbert, as a later document expresses it, "disposed of their territory as it seemed fit to him, giving a tenth part of it to God." In other words he incorporated Cornwall ecclesiastically with the West Saxon diocese of Sherborne, and endowed Ealhstan, his fighting bishop, who took part in the campaign, with an extensive Cornish estate consisting of Callington and Lawhitton, both in the Tamar valley, and Pawton near Padstow.

In 838, the Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert in the Battle of Hingston Down at Hengestesdune (probably Hingston Down in Cornwall). In 875, the last recorded king of Cornwall, Dumgarth, is said to have drowned.[22] Around the 880s, Anglo-Saxons from Wessex had established modest land holdings in the eastern part of Cornwall; notably Alfred the Great who had acquired a few estates.[23] William of Malmesbury, writing around 1120, says that King Athelstan of England (924–939) fixed the boundary between English and Cornish people at the east bank of the River Tamar.[5]

Norman-Breton period[edit]

The ancient Hundreds of Cornwall
One interpretation of the Domesday Book is that by this time the native Cornish landowning class had been almost completely dispossessed and replaced by English landowners, particularly Harold Godwinson himself.[clarification needed] However, the Bodmin manumissions show that two leading Cornish figures nominally had Saxon names, but these were both glossed with native Cornish names.[citation needed] Naming evidence cited by medievalist Edith Ditmas suggests that many post-Conquest landowners in Cornwall were Breton allies of the Normans[24] and further proposed this period for the early composition of the Tristan and Iseult cycle by poets such as Beroul from a pre-existing shared Brittonic oral tradition.[25]

Soon after the Norman conquest most of the land was transferred to the new Breton-Norman aristocracy, with the lion's share going to Robert, Count of Mortain, half-brother of King William and the largest landholder in England after the king with his stronghold at Trematon Castle near the mouth of the Tamar.[26] Cornwall and Devon west of Dartmoor showed a very different type of settlement pattern from that of Saxon Wessex and places continued, even after 1066, to be named in the Celtic Cornish tradition with Saxon architecture being uncommon.[citation needed]

Later medieval administration and society[edit]
Subsequently, however, Norman absentee landlords became replaced by a new Cornu-Norman elite including scholars such as Richard Rufus of Cornwall. These families eventually became the new ruling class of Cornwall (typically speaking Norman French, Cornish, Latin and eventually English), many becoming involved in the operation of the Stannary Parliament system, Earldom and eventually the Duchy.[27] The Cornish language continued to be spoken and it acquired a number of characteristics establishing its identity as a separate language from Breton.

Cornish piracy was active during the Elizabethan era on the west coast of Britain.[28]

Christianity in Cornwall[edit]
Main article: Christianity in Cornwall
See also: List of Cornish saints
Many place names in Cornwall are associated with Christian missionaries described as coming from Ireland and Wales in the 5th century AD and usually called saints (See List of Cornish saints). The historicity of some of these missionaries is problematic.[29][30] The patron saint of Wendron Parish Church, "Saint Wendrona" is another example. and it has been pointed out by Canon Doble that it was customary in the Middle Ages to ascribe such geographical origins to saints.[31] Some of these saints are not included in the early lists of saints.[32]

Saint Piran, after whom Perranporth is named, is generally regarded as the patron saint of Cornwall.[33] However in early Norman times it is likely that Saint Michael the Archangel was recognised as the patron saint[34] and is still recognised by the Anglican Church as the Protector of Cornwall.[35] The title has also been claimed for Saint Petroc who was patron of the Cornish diocese prior to the Normans.[36]

Celtic and Anglo-Saxon times[edit]

St German's Priory Church (Norman)

Dupath Well, one of Cornwall's many holy wells dating from c.1510

The Church of St Petroc at Bodmin (late 15th century)
The church in Cornwall until the time of Athelstan of Wessex observed more or less orthodox practices, being completely separate from the Anglo-Saxon church until then (and perhaps later). The See of Cornwall continued until much later: Bishop Conan apparently in place previously, but (re-?) consecrated in 931 AD by Athelstan. However, it is unclear whether he was the sole Bishop for Cornwall or the leading Bishop in the area. The situation in Cornwall may have been somewhat similar to Wales where each major religious house corresponded to a cantref (this has the same meaning as Cornish keverang) both being under the supervision of a Bishop.[37] However if this was so the status of keverangow before the time of King Athelstan is not recorded. However it can be inferred from the districts included at this period that the minimum number would be three: Triggshire; Wivelshire; and the remaining area. Penwith, Kerrier, Pydar and Powder meet at a central point (Scorrier) which some have believed indicates a fourfold division imposed by Athelstan on a sub-kingdom.

Middle Ages[edit]
The whole of Cornwall was in this period in the Archdeaconry of Cornwall within the Diocese of Exeter. From 1267 the archdeacons had a house at Glasney near Penryn. Their duties were to visit and inspect each parish annually and to execute the bishop's orders.[38] Archdeacon Roland is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having land holdings in Cornwall but he was not Archdeacon of Cornwall, just an archdeacon in the Diocese of Exeter.[39] In the episcopate of William Warelwast (1107–37) the first Archdeacon of Cornwall was appointed[38] (possibly Hugo de Auco). Most of the parish churches in Cornwall in Norman times were not in the larger settlements, and the medieval towns which developed thereafter usually had only a chapel of ease with the right of burial remaining at the ancient parish church.[40] Over a hundred holy wells exist in Cornwall, each associated with a particular saint, though not always the same one as the dedication of the church.[41][42]

Various kinds of religious houses existed in mediaeval Cornwall though none of them were nunneries; the benefices of the parishes were in many cases appropriated to religious houses within Cornwall or elsewhere in England or France.[43]

From the Reformation to the Victorian period[edit]
In the 16th century there was some violent resistance to the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism in the Prayer Book Rebellion.[44] In 1548 the college at Glasney, a centre of learning and study established by the Bishop of Exeter, had been closed and looted (many manuscripts and documents were destroyed) which aroused resentment among the Cornish. They, among other things, objected to the English language Book of Common Prayer, protesting that the English language was still unknown to many at the time. The Prayer Book Rebellion was a cultural and social disaster for Cornwall; the reprisals taken by the forces of the Crown have been estimated to account for 10–11% of the civilian population of Cornwall. Culturally speaking, it saw the beginning of the slow decline of the Cornish language.

From that time Christianity in Cornwall was in the main within the Church of England and subject to the national events which affected it in the next century and a half. Roman Catholicism never became extinct, though openly practised by very few; there were some converts to Puritanism, Anabaptism and Quakerism in certain areas though they suffered intermittent persecution which more or less came to an end in the reign of William and Mary. During the 18th century Cornish Anglicanism was very much in the same state as Anglicanism in most of England. Wesleyan Methodist missions began during John Wesley's lifetime and had great success over a long period during which Methodism itself divided into a number of sects and established a definite separation from the Church of England.


Poughill Methodist Church
From the early 19th to the mid-20th century Methodism was the leading form of Christianity in Cornwall but it is now in decline.[45][46] The Church of England was in the majority from the reign of Queen Elizabeth until the Methodist revival of the 19th century: before the Wesleyan missions dissenters were very few in Cornwall. The county remained within the Diocese of Exeter until 1876 when the Anglican Diocese of Truro was created[47][48] (the first Bishop was appointed in 1877). Roman Catholicism was virtually extinct in Cornwall after the 17th century except for a few families such as the Arundells of Lanherne. From the mid-19th century the church reestablished episcopal sees in England, one of these being at Plymouth.[49] Since then immigration to Cornwall has brought more Roman Catholics into the population.
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kingdestroyah is not online. kingdestroyah
Joined: 30 Apr 2011
Total Posts: 11582
12 Jul 2015 08:56 PM
The Cornish Nationalist Party (CNP), Cornish: Party Kenethlegek Kernow, is a political party, founded by Dr James Whetter, who campaigned for independence for Cornwall[1] It was formed by people who left Cornwall's main nationalist party Mebyon Kernow on 28 May 1975.[2] although it is not an independence party now.[3]

A separate party with a similar name (the Cornish National Party)[2] existed from 1969.[4]

The split with Mebyon Kernow was down to the same debate that was occurring in most of the political parties campaigning for autonomy from the United Kingdom at the time (for example the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru), whether to be a centre-left party appealing to the electorate on a social democratic line, or whether to appeal emotionally on a centre-right cultural line. Originally, another subject of the split was whether to embrace devolution as a first step to full independence (or as the sole step if this was what the electorate wished) or for it to be "all or nothing", but now it is not an independence party.[3]

The CNP essentially represented a more right wing outlook, who were not willing to accept that economic arguments were more likely to win votes than cultural. The CNP worked to preserve the identity of Cornwall and improve its economy, and encouraged links with Cornish people overseas and with other regions which have distinct identities. It also gave support to the Cornish language, and commemorated Thomas Flamank, a leader of the Cornish Rebellion in 1497, at an annual ceremony at Bodmin on 27 June each year.

While the CNP were not a racist organisation there was a perceived image problem relating to the similarly-styled British National Party (BNP). The Cornish Nationalist Party was for some time seen as more of a pressure group as they did not put up candidates for any elections, although their visibility and influence within Cornwall is negligible. As of 2012, they are now registered on the UK political parties register; and hence Mebyon Kernow are now not the only registered political party based in Cornwall. A news story appeared in April 2009 claiming that the CNP had reformed following a conference in Bodmin,[3] however it did not contest any elections that year.

Dr Whetter and the CNP still publish a quarterly journal, The Cornish Banner (An Baner Kernewek). This is done within the actions of the Roseland Institute.

A newspaper article, and a revamp of the party website in October 2014, states that the party is now to contest elections once more.[3]

John Le Bretton, vice-chairman of the party, said: "The CNP supports the retention of Cornwall council as a Cornwall-wide authority running Cornish affairs and we call for the British government in Westminster to devolve powers to the council so that decisions affecting Cornwall can be made in Cornwall."

The party's policies include:

Calling for more legislative powers to be given to Cornwall Council. The authority should effectively become the Cornish government, with town and parish councils acting as local government.
Cornwall council should have a reduction in councillors, with a standardisation of electoral areas and constituencies in throughout Cornwall.
The Westminster government should appoint a Minister for Cornwall and confirm there will be no further plans to have any parliamentary constituency covering part of Cornwall and Devon.[5]
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mrtyren is online. mrtyren
Joined: 15 Nov 2009
Total Posts: 59
12 Jul 2015 09:11 PM
I'll take the good NBC, since I apply to that the most. ;)
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xbikeman is not online. xbikeman
Joined: 24 Dec 2011
Total Posts: 2367
12 Jul 2015 09:58 PM
I WANNA BE DA NOOB

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